－で

((格助詞))

1 〔場所〕at; in; on

スーパーで買った牛肉
the beef I bought at a supermarket

東京駅で彼に会った
I met him at Tokyo Station.

プラットホーム［三階］でお待ちします
I'll wait for you on 「the platform [the third floor].

名古屋でバスを降りる
get off a bus in Nagoya

川で泳ぐ
swim in a river

彼はコンクールで優勝した
He won (the) first prize in the contest.

海岸で遊ぶ
play on the beach

通りで人に会う
((米)) meet a person on the street (▼((英))ではin the street)

農場で働く
work on a farm

二階で寝る
sleep upstairs

高校で同級生だった
We were classmates in high school.

2 〔手段，用具〕with; in; by

お玉じゃくしでスープをかきまぜる
stir soup with a ladle

ペンで書く
write with a pen

英語で話す
speak in English

現金［千円札5枚］で払う
pay 「in cash [with five 1,000 yen bills]

彼の新車でドライブに行った
We went for a drive in his new car.

辞書でその語を調べなさい
Look up the word in a dictionary.

機械で織った敷物
a rug woven by machine

自転車で
by [on a] bicycle

飛行機で
by air [airplane／plane]

手紙は航空便で着いた
The letter came by air (mail).

彼女は歌で生計をたてている
She earns her living by singing.

弱火で魚を煮る
simmer fish over a low heat

ピアノでソナタを弾く
play a sonata on the piano

ぬれたシャツを暖炉で乾かした
I dried my wet shirt by [over／in front of] the fire.

望遠鏡で星を観察する
observe stars through a telescope

3 〔材料〕of; 〔原料〕from

木で作った箱
a box made of wood／a wooden box

ミルクでチーズを作る
make cheese from milk

プラスチックでいろいろの容器を作る
make various containers 「out of [from] plastic

4 〔原因，理由〕of; from; with

チフスで死んだ
He died of typhoid fever.

自分の意志で辞職した
He resigned of his own free will.

飢えで苦しんでいた
They were suffering from hunger.

責任感でやったことだ
He did it from [out of] a sense of responsibility.

寝不足で気分が悪かった
I felt unwell from lack of sleep.

泥で汚れた靴
shoes covered with mud

怒りで気も狂いそうだった
I was almost insane with anger.

病気で行かれない
I cannot go 「because of [((文))on account of] illness.

雨で遠足がお流れになった
Our excursion 「was washed out by [was called off because of] the rain.

不注意で事故を起こした
He caused an accident through his carelessness.

雪の重みで家がつぶれた
The roof collapsed under the weight of the snow.

火事で焼け出される
be burned out by a fire

事故でけがをした
He was injured in an accident.

日照りで植物が枯れた
The plants withered in the dry weather.

彼は詐欺罪でつかまった
He was arrested for fraud.

この湖は美しさで有名だ
This lake is noted for its beauty.

喜んで飛び跳ねた
He jumped up and down for joy.

所用で大阪へ行った
He went to Osaka on business.

ころんでひざをけがした
He fell down and hurt his knee.

娘の死を悲しんで部屋に閉じこもった
Grieving over the death of his daughter, he shut himself up in his room.

5 〔値段〕for

このセーターを5,000円で買った
I bought this sweater for five thousand yen.

スーツを3万円で売る
sell a suit at [for] thirty thousand yen

1万円でおつりがありますか
Can you give me change if I pay with a 10,000 yen bill?

6 〔基準・単位〕by

この国ではバターはポンドで売られる
Butter is sold by the pound in this country.

人を外見で判断してはいけない
You should not judge people by their appearance.

話し方でだれだか分かった
「I knew who it was by [I recognized her from] the way she was talking.

1時間に4キロの割合で歩いた
I walked at the rate of four kilometers an hour.

試験の成績でクラスを分けている
Students are 「divided into [placed in] different classes according to their test scores.

値段は大きさで違う
The price varies with the size.

りんごは5個で400円だった
I paid four hundred yen for five apples.

この肉は100グラムで300円だった
The meat cost three hundred yen per [for a] hundred grams.

7 〔時間〕

二日でその仕事を終えた
He finished the work in two days.

会合は午前で済むだろう
The meeting will be over by noon.

少年は7月2日で15歳になる
The boy will be fifteen years old come [on] July 2.

明日で願書受付は締切りになる
Applications must be filed by tomorrow.／Tomorrow is the deadline for applications.

8 〔年齢〕at (the age of)

10歳でソナタを作曲した
He composed a sonata at (the age of) ten.

30代で店を持った
He set up a business in his thirties.

9 〔動作の行われる状態・条件〕

一人でそれをした
I did it 「by myself [on my own].

傘なしで出掛けた
He went out without his umbrella.

土足で部屋に入ってはいけない
You can't enter the room with your shoes on.

彼女は着物姿でパーティーに行った
She went to the party in (a) kimono.

彼は無礼な態度で見回した
He looked around 「in a rude manner [rudely].

きれいな声で歌っている
She is singing in a lovely [pretty] voice.

にこにこ顔で話し掛けてきた
He spoke to me with a big [broad] smile.

彼は実力だけで出世した
He succeeded in life simply on the strength of ability.

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